What is the formula of aluminium sulfate?
Learners' Alley, Bonding and Structure slides
Which compound has the highest melting point?
Learners' Alley, Bonding and Structure slides
How many σ and π bonds are in one molecule of ethene, H2C=CH2?
Learners' Alley, Bonding and Structure slides
Which molecule is polar?
Learners' Alley, Bonding and Structure slides
Which has the highest boiling point?
Learners' Alley, Bonding and Structure slides
Learners' Alley, Chemical Bonding and Structure slides
Learners' Alley, Chemical Bonding and Structure slides
Learners' Alley, Chemical Bonding and Structure slides
Draw dot-and-cross diagrams for these molecules. Show outer electrons only.
Learners' Alley, Chemical Bonding and Structure slides
State the shape and bond angle of each molecule.
Learners' Alley, Chemical Bonding and Structure slides
Learners' Alley, Chemical Bonding and Structure slides
Learners' Alley, Chemical Bonding and Structure slides
Learners' Alley, Chemical Bonding and Structure slides
Sodium is a grey solid. Chlorine is a yellowish-green gas. When sodium is heated and mixed with chlorine, a reaction takes place and a white crystalline substance called sodium chloride is formed. Which statement about sodium chloride is correct?
2024 Zhenghua O Prelim P1-P3 Q8
The electronic configurations of three particles, X, Y and Z, are shown.
| particle | electronic configuration |
|---|---|
| X | 2.1 |
| Y | 1 |
| Z | 2.8.7 |
Which statement is true about these three particles?
2025 FHSS O Prelim P1 Q8
Elements X and Y react to form an ionic compound of formula XY2. Which row correctly shows the electronic configurations of atoms X and Y? Each option gives X, then Y.
2025 CHIJ O Prelim P1 Q6
The electronic configurations of elements X and Y are X: 2.8.3 and Y: 2.6. Element X and element Y react together to form a compound. Which row shows the electron transfer that takes place and the type of compound formed?
| element X | element Y | type of compound | |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | 2 atoms each lose 3 electrons | 3 atoms each receive 2 electrons | covalent |
| B | 2 atoms each lose 3 electrons | 3 atoms each receive 2 electrons | ionic |
| C | 2 atoms each receive 3 electrons | 3 atoms each lose 2 electrons | covalent |
| D | 2 atoms each receive 3 electrons | 3 atoms each receive 2 electrons | ionic |
2024 SKSS O Prelim P1 Q7
Which statement best explains why potassium chloride has a lower melting point than calcium oxide?
2025 Compassvale O Prelim P1 Q12
Both calcium chloride and potassium chloride are ionic compounds. Which statement about these compounds is correct?
2024 USS O Prelim P2 Q7
The table shows four elements P, Q, R and S with their atomic numbers.
| element | P | Q | R | S |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| atomic number | 6 | 12 | 13 | 8 |
What are the likely formulae of an ionic compound and a covalent compound formed from P, Q, R and S? Each option gives the ionic compound, then the covalent compound.
2024 Zhonghua O Prelim P1 Q9
What is the number of electrons and neutrons in a hydroxide ion? Each option gives the electrons, then the neutrons.
Source: 2024 SJI O Prelim P1 Q4
Which substance contains both ionic and covalent bonds?
2025 CCHY O Prelim P1 Q11
A substance Y
What could Y be?
2025 CCHY O Prelim P1 Q12
Brass is an alloy made by adding zinc to copper. Brass is harder than pure copper, and the higher the percentage of zinc in the brass, the harder it is. Which statement best explains why brass is harder than pure copper?
2024 Zhonghua O Prelim P1 Q25
Which statement about metals is correct?
2024 SJI O Prelim P1 Q8
Which row shows the correct number of electrons used in covalent bonding in each molecule?
| ammonia | carbon dioxide | fluorine | nitrogen | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | 6 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
| B | 6 | 8 | 2 | 6 |
| C | 6 | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| D | 6 | 8 | 2 | 4 |
2025 Compassvale O Prelim P1 Q11
Silicon dioxide has a giant covalent structure. Each silicon atom is joined to four oxygen atoms by covalent bonds. Which property would silicon dioxide be expected to have?
2026 KSS O Prelim P1 Q11
At room temperature and pressure, carbon dioxide is a gas while silicon dioxide is a solid. Which statement explains this?
2024 SJI O Prelim P1 Q9
Which two substances have similar three-dimensional arrangements of their atoms?
2024 YSS O Prelim P1 Q8
Which structure corresponds to its description of physical properties?
| structure | physical properties | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | giant covalent | high melting point, conducts electricity when in solution but not when solid |
| 2 | simple molecular | low melting point, does not conduct electricity in any state |
| 3 | giant metallic | variety of melting points, conducts electricity when solid and when molten |
2025 TKGS O Prelim P1 Q9
CAl2(SO4)3[1]
Al3+ and SO42−: two Al3+ (+6) balance three SO42− (−6).
Brackets keep the sulfate ion together when more than one is needed.
BMgO[1]
Mg2+ and O2− both carry a charge of 2 and are small, so the attraction between them is the strongest.
The other compounds are all made of +1 and −1 ions.
B5 σ, 1 π[1]
The four C–H single bonds are 4 σ bonds.
The C=C double bond is one σ bond and one π bond.
DCHCl3[1]
In CHCl3 one C–H bond replaces a C–Cl bond, so the bond dipoles of the tetrahedral molecule no longer cancel.
CCl4, BF3 and CO2 are symmetrical, so their dipoles cancel.
CH2O[1]
Water forms 2 hydrogen bonds per molecule: it has 2 H atoms on O and 2 lone pairs on O.
NH3 and HF form only 1 per molecule on average, and CH4 forms none.
Period 3, Group 2: three shells and 2 valence electrons (2.8.2).[1]
Period 3, Group 16: three shells and 6 valence electrons (2.8.6).[1]
By losing: calcium is in Group 2, so it has 2 valence electrons.
Losing two is far easier than gaining six, so it forms Ca2+.[2]
K2O, FeCl3 and (NH4)2SO4[3]
NaF. Both are made of ions with charges of 1+ and 1−, but Na+ and F− are smaller than Cs+ and Cl−.
So the attraction between the ions in NaF is stronger, and more energy is needed to overcome it.[2]
O in the centre shares one pair with each H atom, and has two lone pairs.[1]
The two N atoms share three pairs (a triple bond), and each N has one lone pair.[1]
Trigonal planar, 120° (3 bond pairs)[1]
Bent, 104.5° (2 bond pairs, 2 lone pairs)[1]
Octahedral, 90° (6 bond pairs)[1]
Square planar, 90° (4 bond pairs, 2 lone pairs opposite each other)[1]
C–F: fluorine is more electronegative than chlorine.[1]
It is tetrahedral and symmetrical, so the four bond dipoles cancel.[1]
CH3OH and NH3: each has H bonded to O or N, and a lone pair on O or N.[1]
Cl2 < Br2 < I2: the number of electrons increases, so the instantaneous dipole–induced dipole forces get stronger.[1]
SiO2 is giant covalent: melting it breaks many strong covalent bonds.
CO2 is simple molecular: boiling it overcomes only weak instantaneous dipole–induced dipole forces between molecules.[2]
AIt is a compound of sodium and chlorine.[1]
Sodium and chlorine react and are chemically combined, so sodium chloride is a compound with properties unlike either element.
A mixture or an alloy forms with no reaction, and sodium chloride contains two elements, so it is not an element.
BX forms ionic bonds with Y.[1]
X (2.1) is lithium, a metal. Y (1) is hydrogen and Z (2.8.7) is chlorine, both non-metals. A metal and a non-metal form ionic bonds, so X bonds ionically with Y.
X with Z is also ionic, not covalent. Hydrogen and chlorine are both non-metals, so they share electrons: Y forms covalent bonds with Z.
DX 2.8.8.2, Y 2.8.7[1]
In XY2, one X ion balances two Y ions, so X forms X2+ and Y forms Y−.
X loses 2 electrons (2.8.8.2, calcium) and Y gains 1 (2.8.7, chlorine): CaCl2.
Brow B[1]
X (2.8.3, aluminium) loses 3 electrons to form X3+. Y (2.6, oxygen) gains 2 to form Y2−.
Two X atoms give 6 electrons to three Y atoms, forming the ionic compound X2Y3 (Al2O3).
CThe forces of attraction between K+ and Cl− are weaker than those between Ca2+ and O2−.[1]
Both are ionic. K+ and Cl− carry charges of 1, while Ca2+ and O2− carry charges of 2, so the attraction in KCl is weaker and needs less energy to overcome.
Melting a compound has nothing to do with the melting points or reactivity of the metals in it.
Dthe ratio of calcium ions to chloride ions is half[1]
CaCl2 has 1 Ca2+ to 2 Cl−, a ratio of 1 : 2. KCl has 1 K+ to 1 Cl−, 1 : 1. So the ratio in CaCl2 is half that in KCl.
Ca2+ has the greater charge, the ions cannot move in the solid, and ionic compounds have no sea of electrons.
CR2S3, PS2[1]
P is carbon, Q magnesium, R aluminium and S oxygen. R (Al3+) and S (O2−) form the ionic compound R2S3.
P and S are both non-metals and form the covalent compound PS2 (CO2). Q and R are both metals, so Q3R2 is not a compound, and S2 is an element.
C10 electrons, 8 neutrons[1]
A hydroxide ion is OH−. Oxygen-16 has 8 protons, 8 electrons and 8 neutrons. Hydrogen-1 has 1 proton, 1 electron and no neutrons.
Electrons = 8 + 1 + 1 for the charge = 10. Neutrons = 8 + 0 = 8.
Aammonium chloride[1]
Ammonium chloride is made of NH4+ and Cl− ions held by ionic bonds, and the atoms inside NH4+ are joined by covalent bonds.
Hydrogen chloride and silicon dioxide are covalent only. Lithium oxide is ionic only.
Biron[1]
A metal has a high melting point, conducts through its delocalised electrons and is malleable because its layers of ions slide.
Graphite conducts but is not malleable. Potassium chloride and silicon dioxide do not conduct as solids.
DThe zinc atoms disrupt the orderly arrangement of copper atoms.[1]
Zinc atoms are a different size from copper atoms, so they disrupt the regular layers.
The layers can no longer slide over one another easily, so brass is harder. More zinc disrupts the layers more.
CElectrons in a metal move randomly through the giant metallic lattice.[1]
The delocalised electrons are not tied to any one ion and move throughout the lattice.
The lattice is made of positive ions, not atoms. Some metals, such as sodium (98 °C), melt at low temperatures. Metals are malleable because layers of ions slide, while the ions stay in their layers.
Brow B[1]
Each shared pair is 2 electrons. NH3 has 3 shared pairs (6), CO2 two double bonds (8), F2 one single bond (2) and N2 a triple bond (6).
Lone pairs are not used in bonding, so they are not counted.
Ba high melting point[1]
Melting silicon dioxide means breaking many strong covalent bonds throughout the structure, which needs a lot of energy.
It has no mobile electrons or ions, so it does not conduct, and a giant covalent substance is insoluble in water.
BBoth substances have different covalent structures.[1]
Carbon dioxide is simple molecular: only weak forces between molecules must be overcome. Silicon dioxide is giant covalent: many strong covalent bonds must be broken.
Silicon dioxide has no ions, and the strength of the covalent bonds inside CO2 molecules does not decide its boiling point.
Adiamond and silicon dioxide[1]
In diamond each C is bonded to 4 others in a tetrahedral arrangement. In silicon dioxide each Si is bonded to 4 O in the same tetrahedral network.
Graphite is in flat layers, and carbon dioxide is made of separate linear molecules.
C2 and 3 only[1]
A giant covalent substance does not conduct in any state (graphite is the exception, and it conducts as a solid), and it is insoluble, so 1 is wrong.
Simple molecular substances have low melting points and no mobile charges (2). Metals conduct as solid and liquid through delocalised electrons, and their melting points vary (3).